access specifiers

 

C++

Language

Standard library headers

Concepts

Utilities library

Strings library

Containers library

Algorithms library

Iterators library

Numerics library

Input/output library

Localizations library

Regular expressions library (C++11)

Atomic operations library (C++11)

Thread support library (C++11)

 

C++ language

 

Classes

General

overview

class/struct types

union types

Members

data members

static members

the this pointer

nested classes

member templates

bit fields

using-declarations

member functions

member access specifiers

constructor initializer list

in-class brace-or-equal initializer(C++11)

friend specifier

Special member functions

default constructor

copy constructor

move constructor(C++11)

copy assignment operator

move assignment operator(C++11)

destructor

Inheritance

base and derived classes

virtual member functions

override(C++11)

final(C++11)

pure virtual functions and abstract classes

 

In a class or struct body define the visibility of following declarators In a inheritance list, define the maximum visibility of inherited members

Syntax

public: declarators	(1)
protected: declarators	(2)
private: declarators	(3)
class identifier : public class_name	(4)
class identifier : protected class_name	(5)
class identifier : private class_name	(6)

Explanation

1. The symbols declared after the specifier have public accessibility
2. The symbols declared after the specifier have protected accessibility
3. The symbols declared after the specifier have private accessibility
4. The inherited members have the same accessibility as the base class ( either protected or public as private won't be visible in the derived class )
5. The inherited members have protected accessibility in the derived class
6. The inherited members have private accessibility in the derived class

Member accessibility by specifier

public

public members are accessible everywhere, within and outside the class scope

protected

protected members are accessible within the class and its methods and in its descendants

private

private members can be only accessed within the class and its methods

To grant access to external functions or classes to protected or private members, a friendship declaration must be present in the class body

Inherited private members are still present in the class data but cannot be accessed directly

A class has default private accessibility for inheritance and members, a struct has instead a default public accessibility

Protected member access

Protected members form the interface for the derived classes (which is distinct from the public interface of the class).

A protected member of a class Base can only be accessed

1) by the member functions and friend functions of Base

2) by the member functions and friend functions of any class derived from Base, but only when operating on an object of a type that is derived from Base (including this)

struct Base {
 protected:
    int i;
 private:
    void g(Base& b, struct Derived& d);
};
 
struct Derived : Base {
    void f(Base& b, Derived& d) // member function of a derived class
    {
        ++d.i; // okay: the type of d is Derived
        ++i; // okay: the type of the implied '*this' is Derived
//      ++b.i; // error: can't access a protected member through Base
    }
};
 
void Base::g(Base& b, Derived& d) // member function of Base
{
    ++i; // okay
    ++b.i; // okay
    ++d.i; // okay
}
 
void x(Base& b, Derived& d) // non-member non-friend
{
//    ++b.i; // error: no access from non-member
//    ++d.i; // error: no access from non-member
}

When a pointer to a protected member is formed, it must use a derived class in its declaration:

struct Base {
 protected:
    int i;
};
 
struct Derived : Base {
    void f()
    {
//      int Base::* ptr = &Base::i;    // error: must name using Derived
        int Base::* ptr = &Derived::i; // okay
    }
};